The Sociological Perspective, As Defined By The Textbook...

The sociological perspective, as defined by the textbook Society: The Basics on page 2, is being able to see the general in the particular. This means that a sociologist’s goal is to observe a group of specific people, such as those who go to professional sports games, and find the similarities in their behaviors, like why some dress in outrageous costumes. A sociological perspective is important to understanding the role of a society as part of the larger world. This is called the global perspective. A sociologist is able to learn the behaviors of a group and try to see how those behaviors affect the world around them. Sociologist’s understandings helps the general public learn to evaluate things differently, understanding the cultural differences and attitudes expressed by those people. Harriet Martineau lived between 1802 and 1876 and is generally regarded as the first female sociologist. She was born into a wealthy English family, earning fame in 1853 when she translated Auguste Comte’s work from French to English. She sought to change the education policies of the time in order for that women could attend school and â€Å"look forward to more in life than being a wife and mother in the home† (Macionis 12). Martineau also gained a reputation by â€Å"[examining] social class, religion, suicide, national character, domestic relations and how these elements affected social problems and individuals† (Johnson). Her work helped pioneer some of the modern practice of sociology, andShow MoreRelatedSociological Perspectives On The Sociological Perspective1178 Words   |  5 PagesThe Sociological Perspective is a behavior that connects one with society. As written in the textbook Society the Basics, sociological perspective is also defined as â€Å" seeing the general in the particular† (Berger, 1963). A major part of being a sociologist is finding patterns in everyday life. As an ordinary person, finding patterns is almost a natural instinct. Every individual falls into a category, whether how unique they claim to be. Individuals can be categorized by race, class, sexual orientationRead MoreWhat Deviance Is Today s Society Essay1081 Words   |  5 Pagesdefines deviance in today’s society? Is it the abnormal things that people don’t usually do or is it just criminal behavior? Deviance has brought up many questions on what could be defined as it. Deviance is usually shaped by society. It can be defined as the violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law (OpenStax 142). Sociologist want to see why deviance has so many different areas and how it effects a group in a society. For example, devianceRead MoreInequality Between Men And Women1315 Words   |  6 PagesContents Introduction 3 Defining â€Å"Social Problem† 3 Explaining Sociological Viewpoint 3 Chosen Social Problem Introduction 3 Thesis 3 Defining Sexism 3 Why is it a social problem? 3-4 Statistics 4 Identifying and Defining Four Concepts Related to Sexism 4-5 How is this problem being addressed? 5 Conclusion 6 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 Social problems have always been a part of society. Although some social problems have disappeared over time othersRead MoreSociological Imagination And Its Impact On Society1394 Words   |  6 PagesThe notion of Sociological Imagination was created by C. Wright Mills and he wrote that the task of sociology was to recognize the relationship between individuals and the society in which they live in. Sociological Imagination can explain why a lifetime is lived through your own decisions, accomplishments and failures. It is a way for a person to look at their life as an outcome with their contact with the world. The textbook clarifies that,† The Sociological Imagination is defined as the abilityRead MoreRobert Merton : Strain Theory1606 Words   |  7 PagesSociology 331-001 03/05/2015 Robert K. Merton developed the structural strain theory as an extension of the functionalist perspective on deviance. This theory traces the origins of deviance to the tensions that are caused by the gap between cultural goals and the means people have available to achieve those goals (Crossman, 2015). Robert Merton saw society as having culturally-valued goals as well as culturally-valued means. These particular ways of life are shared on the expectationsRead MoreYouth Deviance Essay1376 Words   |  6 PagesDeviance is defined as the recognized violation of cultural norms. This is an extremely broad definition, and depending on who is explaining it, the above definition can mean a variety of different things. Critically examine the theory of deviance with reference to young people and their membership in deviant subcultures or gangs. Deviance is associated with young people today and is rapidly on the increase within the street and school environment. Young deviants are engaging in gang membershipRead MoreEconomy and State: A Sociological Perspective724 Words   |  3 PagesSummary Economy and State: A Sociological Perspective, written by Nina Bandelj and Elizabeth Sowers, explains the economic foundation of the state by discussing the governance of property and money, in correlation to labor and firms, ending in economic development and internationalization/globalization. Bandelj and Sowers’, target audiences for this book seemed to be intended for those individuals wanting to learn the basics of economics from an economic sociology perspective allowing readers to broadenRead MoreGender And Social Conflict Within Gender Specific Institutions1499 Words   |  6 Pagesconflict. Other than the assigned textbook for this specific sociology class, entitled Introduction to Sociology, I will also be using the sources entitled Article Tools and Gender and Social Conflict I believe that these sources better allowed me to reflect and explain my experiences at the Planned Parenthood of the Siouxland area through the sociological gender and social conflict lens. The sociological conflict theory according to Kimberly Moffitt is defined as, â€Å" a macro-oriented paradigm inRead MoreConflict And Josie Film Analysis1196 Words   |  5 Pagesrisked much to have a voice, and demanded that voice be heard for the rights given to the patriarchal society. Interwoven into the episodes of violence, towards the victim, are the focuses of each encounter being a personal problem and not a social problem. Social problems are socially constructed (Henslin,Chapter 1:page 5). But this essentially means that â€Å"people decide if some condition of society is or is not a social problem.† The Conflict/Feminist Theory demonstrates the â€Å"Four PrinciplesRead MoreSociology And The Theoretical Perspectives Of Sociology1710 Words   |  7 PagesSociology is seen every day in our lives as humans, it is the scientific study of human behavior and society. The idea of sociology has not been around forever. The term sociology comes from a man named Auguste Comte who takes credit for this study. Not only did Comte come up with this idea but there were several things that influenced the study of Sociology and how we view it today. These influences are called the origins of sociology and they include; new idea or discipline, Industrial Revolution

Analysis of The Rocking Horse Winner Essay - 1482 Words

Certain individuals have a drive that can lead them to achieve what they desire most. In the Short story â€Å"The Rocking Horse Winner†, D.H Lawrence showcases this through character motivation and symbolism. He further this using pursuit of desire, and how if you take it to a certain extent it can result in tragedy if the individual chooses not to conform. Paul wants to please his mother because his mother feels that there family has no luck, but Paul proclaims that he is lucky. Paul suddenly becomes consumed with this sudden spree of good luck and feels this is the only way he will be able to gain to the affection of his mother. D.H Lawrence reveals that Paul has a certain flaw that turns him to believe that the only way he will be able to†¦show more content†¦This is due to the fact that every one is used to it so it would be like saying â€Å"we are breathing†(20). This led Paul to realizes that there family is in debt and he believes that in order for the m to get out of this debt, he has to take action. This shows that he is willing to take the problem into his own hands because he believes that no one else can do anything about it. Paul aligns him self with the attitude towards lucks. â€Å"I’m a lucky person†(21).Paul states this to his mother, however she responds with doubt and does not truly acknowledge or believe what Paul has just said. She most likely thinks that Paul doesn’t understand what they are going through and what luck really is. He thinks that by being lucky, which in the eyes of his mother is money, he will be able to gain her love but because of this doubt on his assertions he finds that this task is more difficult then he expected. She didn’t believe he is lucky; so he needs to prove it. This â€Å"angered him†(21) and made him want to â€Å"compel her attention†(21). The only way he saw it was that he needed to find this clue to luck in order to gain that admiration. T hus he is determined to find this luck and his passion grows to the point where all he is thinking about is how he can gain this luck. Lawrence describes his rise to luck in the situation when he is riding his rocking horse. This situation describes the point where Paul chooses to conform and begins his pursuit of luck. As Paul makesShow MoreRelatedThe Rocking Horse Winner Literary Analysis728 Words   |  3 PagesThe Significance of The Rocking Horse Winner (An Analysis of Three Messages From Rocking Horse Winner By D. H Lawrence) D. H Lawrence was the author of The Rocking Horse Winner, which was one of his most famous stories, published in 1926. D.H Lawrence was intrigued with fate and destiny of life. The story was based around a young boy with intense amounts of determination because he felt he had to please his mother. D. H Lawrence expresses the conflict of economics and family, causing issues atRead MoreAnalysis Of The Rocking Horse Winner And The Lottery772 Words   |  4 PagesAn Analysis exploring the irony in â€Å"The â€Å"Rocking-Horse Winner† and â€Å"The â€Å"Lottery† Often times an author will use irony as a literally technique to throw a twist in his story, whereby allowing the outcome of it to be completely different from what the reader expected. In D.H. Lawrence’s â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner† and Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery,† Mrs. Hutchinson and Paul, despite their motivation, are victims of misguided reasoning, resulting in the irony of each character’s demise. In fact, eachRead MoreCritical Analysis Of The Rocking Horse Winner1178 Words   |  5 PagesThree Messages From â€Å"The Rocking Horse Winner† ( A Critical Analysis of â€Å"The Rocking Horse Winner†) D.H Lawrence (1885-1930) achieved a generous amount of things during his days, and was known for his award winning stories, like for instance â€Å"The Rocking Horse Winner.† â€Å"D.H. Lawrence is regarded as one of the most influential writers of the 20th century† (Guy). Throughout this story in particular, there are many messages that are represented and reflect the way of life or in other wordsRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Rocking Horse Winner819 Words   |  4 PagesDaniel Moos ENGL 1302 Prof. Heflin 7/14/17 Analysis of â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner† In the short story â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner,† by D.H. Lawrence, the use of many literary elements creates an enticing and inspirational approach to how the story is told. These literary elements help to form the story throughout the beginning, middle, and end. The ones that mostly develop the story are point of view, tone and style, and symbol. The story begins in an omniscient point of view or third person to makeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Rocking Horse Winner 922 Words   |  4 PagesIn â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner,† the author, D.H. Lawrence, reveals the character of Paul through a series of events which result in his death. Upon first glance, Paul is presented as a young boy, unloved by his mother, who tragically dies trying to prove himself lucky to her. However, upon further inspection, Paul is actually a rather complex character. In order to understand why he dies and for what he dies, readers must examine how the narrator depicts Paul’s behavior and demeanor, particularlyRead MoreThe Rocking Horse Winner Analysis742 Words   |  3 Pagesare seen as core parts of the human body â€Å" The eye is the lamp of the body† ( Matthew 6:22). In the Rocking-Horse Winner, special precedence is put on the eyes,as eyes are mentioned 21 times in the entire story. Eyes are distinguished as a core motif in The Rocking Horse Winner, as eyes represent the characters emotional state and physical state throughout the story. The Rocking Horse Winner is a story about a middle-class Englishwoman who feels that she has underperformed society’s expectationsRead MoreCritical Analysis : The Rocking Horse Winner827 Words   |  4 Pages Critical Analysis: The Rocking-Horse Winner The short story, â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner†, by D.H. Lawrence tells the story of young boy named Paul whose fortune turns out to be misfortune. Lawrence focus on the idea of parental love, what we need opposed to what we want, and the dangers of an obsession. Paul’s mother, Hester, firmly believes in the statement, If you re rich, you may lose your money. But if you re lucky, you will always get more money. (18) Paul’s obsessive need to earn moneyRead MoreThe Rocking Horse Winner Analysis956 Words   |  4 Pagesno time to rest. Tolerating days of labor to find happiness, but find yourself empty when you have nothing to show yourself for it. D.H. Lawrence demonstrates this perfectly in his short story by including foreshadowing and symbolism, â€Å"The Rocking Horse Winner,† D.H. Lawrence demonstrates that the greediness of wanting money leads to insanity and unhappiness. D.H. Lawrence, throughout the story teaches that the greed of wanting money leads to insanity and unhappiness by using foreshadowing. InRead MoreThe Rocking Horse Winner Character Analysis797 Words   |  4 PagesThe familiar theme in the two fictional stories, â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner,† by D.H. Lawrence, and â€Å"Dog,† by Richard Russo, is the parents’ motivation to achieve a greater source of income or popularity, which ultimately results in the neglection of the children, thus affecting the children’s own motivation to ‘win over’ their parents. Through the financial crisis of the family exemplified in â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner,† or simply through the negligible manner of the parents in â€Å"Dog†, readers canRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Rocking Horse Winner 1702 Words   |  7 Pageslife, which locks us in a dark prison of expectations and the key to freedom gets thrown away. Living a life where you care so muc h about what others think of you is as if we are nothing but sheep being herded to the final slaughterhouse! In â€Å"Rocking Horse Winner†, the author D.H. Lawrence paints a portrait of how the mother Hester can never truly be satisfied with what she poseses since she is always worried about the status and ranking of her class. The most important concern to her is looking respectable

Marketing educational organizations Free Essays

The basic resource of society is (will be) knowledge and value is to be created by productivity and innovation (Drucker 1993). Amidon (2002), in her recent work entitled The innovation superhighway: harnessing intellectual capital for collaborative advantage states that the rapid shift in orientation over the past 50 years from data to information to knowledge is a profound and fundamental change that highlights the importance of individual and collective knowledge in the new economy.   The rapid changes that have taken place in this new era have created a â€Å"new economy† that presents new challenges and problems. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing educational organizations or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are now new markets that are available and the traditional mindsets or practices that have been utilized by institutions and foundations in the past may even be no longer applicable to the current scenario.   This short discourse seeks to explain how these changes have created an impact in the â€Å"new economy† by highlighting the influence that these changes have made to modern education administration theory in relation to the emerging contemporary marketing perspectives. As previously mentioned, the basic resource of society is (will be) knowledge and value is to be created by productivity and innovation (Drucker 1993).   While this may not necessarily be a new concept, it certainly creates an added dimension in this discussion as it leads to three (3) implications. The first being that educational institutions are no longer immune or removed from the â€Å"new economy†, as was previously thought; the second implication being that education presently being looked upon to provide answers or solutions to the challenges of preparing people for this new environment or â€Å"new economy† and the third being that educational institutions need to face radical organizational change issues in order to be aligned with the â€Å"new economy† consumer and the operating requirements demanded by the â€Å"new economy†. In order to properly understand or comprehend the impact of these changes it is first essential to delve into a brief discussion of what marketing really means and how it is currently being understood in the context of the present day discussions regarding this issue.   â€Å"Marketing, according to Kotler (1994, p. 6), â€Å"is a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they most need and want through creating, offering, and exchanging products of value with others†. As key to achieving organizational goals, marketing focuses on satisfying customers and meeting their needs and is central to any organizational improvement.   This aspect of marketing is what makes it essential to the concept of the â€Å"new economy† in that marketing determines the success of organizations existing and operating within the bounds of the â€Å"new economy.† Since the marketing has constantly evolved evolving from a concept with the purpose of convincing consumers that they should buy what is offered, to a conceptual base that suggest that the product or service be customized to meet and satisfy what consumers want, its applicability to modern education administration now becomes clear. There is no question that with the emergence of the â€Å"new economy† there has been a shift towards education being a basic resource of society (Drucker 1993).   What is questionable however is the extent that this shift is relevant to contemporary marketing perspectives.   The answer to this question lies in the relevance that education has in the application of contemporary marketing perspectives. As an ongoing conceptual evolution in practice, marketing in education is the key to gaining a competitive advantage over the other players in the field.   While this relevance may substantially vary from one educational institution to another, there are some elements of marketing that have always (arguably) existed in educational institutions. As Amidon highlights, this is now the essential ingredient for economic prosperity (Amidon 2002).   The reason for this is because of the impact that education has on contemporary marketing perspectives.   In this highly competitive â€Å"new economy†, for any player to survive and to prosper, it must be able to sustain its advantage over the other players.   This can only be achieved by employing an effective strategy aimed at developing the current advantages and addressing the needs as posed by the current disadvantages which the organization is faced with.   An effective strategy however necessarily entails initiating an analysis of the total operating environment (Porter 1996). There are those however who are highly critical of the idea of applying contemporary marketing perspectives to modern education administration theory, citing that there is no need to apply such perspectives because of the fact that educational institutions are beyond the realm of these perspectives and are hence inapplicable to the current scenario.   But as shown in the earlier discussion, the emergence of the â€Å"new economy† has indeed prompted the examination of traditional views and practices and necessitated the application of new theories such as contemporary marketing perspectives. The resistance to such application also springs from the fact that most of these educational institutions are too focused on the perceived failure or threats from the application of such theories that they, in essence, become too hesitant to institute or implement such changes (Kotler 1985).   The tendency of institutions to embrace these perspectives only when they are confronted with problems that they cannot deal with at a time when the application of these perspectives may become too late is the real problem.   Institutions, according to Kotler, must learn to realize and understand that the analysis of opportunities is more important than focusing on the perceived threats and dangers that come from its utilization in such a scenario (p 75). Marketing of education has been approached mainly from the operational level as tools for student recruitment and income generation. Responsible marketing in education, as called for by its terms of reference, is concerned with how to effectively bring students into contact with programs that are both beneficial and rewarding from the broadest sense of personal as well as societal fulfillment (Liu 1998). Most, if not all, of the current individual educational institutions are at any of the three (3) stages in terms of their understanding and application of marketing to modern education administration.   While it has been argued that in the current scenario marketing is only at the early stages of development in most educational institutions, typically at stage 1 or stage 2 of this continuum, there promises to be more growth and development in this field because of the relevance that it has as discussed in the previous segments of this discourse.   Marketing, therefore, as a selling or product based concept can be applied to modern education administration. The application of marketing perspectives to educational theories is possible in many different aspects.   One of these aspects is in recruitment, which is analogous to the earlier theory of coming up with a strategy.   In this aspect, marketing can play a very important role as it will effectively make the educational institution stand out and become more recognizable.   When products become increasingly similar, companies need to segregate themselves from the rest of the players to create a preference for their offerings. This is similar to the current scenario which exists in the education sector wherein most schools provide the same basic services and information as others.   By employing marketing strategies, such as branding, these educational institutions are able to distinguish themselves from the other players in the field by promising that the company’s offering will create and deliver a certain level of performance, and in this case that the education offered will be exactly what the target market needs in order to succeed (Kotler 1994). The concept of branding is also applicable to a stage one (1) or stage two (2) marketing approach which essentially is limited to recruitment.   The ability of branding to increase recruitment is only one aspect as branding has also been shown to increase retention and referral.   This however exposes a fundamental difference between the various approaches to marketing education. A stage three (3) marketing approach incorporates a focus on what can be termed the 3Rs: †¢ recruitment – student (and parent) †¢ retention – student (and parent) †¢ referral – student (and parent).   The successful implementation of these strategies however clearly creates for opportunities for any educational institution than it does threats and therefore strengthens the position that there indeed is an advantage that contemporary marketing perspectives can bring to the field of modern education administration. In conclusion, the dawning of the â€Å"new economy’ which emphasizes the primacy of knowledge and education also brings about new challenges and opportunities for the field of education administration.   In order to capitalize on this whoever education institutions need to recognize the fact that there are indeed more benefits to be gained from employing these perspectives and should instead consider marketing and strategy concepts that allow for sophisticated planning, implementation and monitoring procedures to anticipate and meet customer needs and enhance satisfaction in line with the current development in marketing theories. References: Amidon, DM (2002) The innovation superhighway: harnessing intellectual capital for collaborative advantage, Butterworth-Heinemann, USA Drucker, Peter (1993) Post capitalist society, Butterworth Heinemann, UK Kotler, Philip (1994) Marketing management, Prentice-Hall International, USA. Liu, Sandra (1998) Integrating Strategic Marketing on an Institutional Level Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Journal of Marketing for HIGHER EDUCATION How to cite Marketing educational organizations, Essay examples

Pro Euthanasia Essay Conclusion Example For Students

Pro Euthanasia Essay Conclusion An eighty-seven year old grandmother on a respirator, anewborn child with AIDS, and a father in a coma; all put to deathby respectable doctors with the O.K. of their families. But isit really 3O.K.? Euthanasia, or doctor-assisted suicide, hasbecome as common as jumping off of a fifteen story building ortaking a gun to one1s own head. Certainly society frowns uponsuicide, but yet putting an old lady or a man in a coma to deathis being accepted every day. Society knows that suicide is bad,but euthanasia is even worse. The guilt and blame of a lost lifeis falling on the hands of doctor1s that we are supposed totrust, and even worse, the family members themselves. A doctoris to be known as a healer, not an agent of death. A family issupposed to love and support, not kill and inherit. Every personmakes the light of the world brighter. The world needseveryone1s power and contribution. It1s the power and energy ofthe elderly, and the strength and will of the ill, that give theworld life. Th e light has become very dim with the crime andcorruption in today1s world, we can1t afford to throw lives awaybecause some think they1re meaningless. If we continue to acceptthe merciless killings and suicides of the helpless but powerful,the light will soon burn out. There will be no energy in theworld. Euthanasia and doctor-assisted suicide should not beaccepted or allowed by the government and people of the UnitedStates. Statistics show that seventy-three percent of the U.S. population approved of some form of euthanasia. This is usedconstantly in debates to pass laws for making euthanasia legal. But the people are deceived by this number. When the poll wastaken, the people were asked if they approved of some form ofeuthanasia. There are two forms of euthanasia, active andpassive. It is the passive euthanasia that many people areaccepting, the less harsh of the two. Thats why peoplegenerally say they approve of it. If a separate question wasasked or the people were informed of the difference, we wouldfind that only thirty-eight percent of the population approves ofactive suicide, as used by Kavorkian. So the fact that peopleapprove of euthanasia is irrelevant because only thirty-eightpercent would actually pass a law if they knew that Kavorkian1smethods would be allowed. However, it is said that passive euthanasia, suicide by theremoval of life support, is a long-time practice for hospitalizedpatients. But does this make it O.K?I should think not. Manythings have been accepted and practiced in the world, and many ofthem have become illegal. Not too long ago a teenager coulddrink whenever he wanted. Now we have laws to regulate thedrinking age. This is the same type of thing, something terriblehas going on for too long now. We need to put a stop to thekillings with a law. Just because something has been allowed andoccurring for a long time doesn1t mean that it1s O.K. Also,there is the issue of living wills. A living will is a documentthat protects the right of choice in end of life matters forpatients. And not everyone has a living will when they becomeill even though they don1t want to live through the agony andpain. They just don1t think to make one or plan on being ill andincompetent. But with or without a living will, it1s just notright to end a l ife, even if it1s one1s own. Many think thatthey should be able to decide on their own, but what about theirfamilies. The family will spend the rest of their liveswondering in agony and pain about whether or not a cure wouldhave been found or if the patient would have made it outof the coma. It wouldn1t be right to spread the pain by addingto the fire.But some say, 3Why waste the money and extend thepain and agony by keeping someone on a machine? We need to lookat life in a more positive way. We need to weigh the mattersevenly. What1s more important, the life of a family member ortrying to save money and pain. Clearly it is the life, nothingis more important than that. Approximately one billion dollarsis spent on life support patients annually. But the cost ofkeeping people alive is irrelevant if there is a chance thatthey may be cured or come out of a coma. Agriculture EssaySecondly, just because something is considered to be sinful bythe Bible or in any other religion, doesn1t mean it should be acrime. We live in a democracy where the people, of allreligions, make the laws. They shouldnt be based on anyreligion or religious book. But we1re not talking about the sinof suicide, where talking about euthanasia. Euthanasia isassisted suicide, but isn1t that just a nice name for homicide. Suicide is killing oneself, but how can you assist yourself. Theassistant is another person who is guilty of conspiracy to commitmurder. Laws are already passed against murder. When someonetakes part in euthanasia they1re not going to be on trial forattempted suicide because they weren1t trying to kill themselves,they were taking the life of another. It1s murder and there1s noother way to look at it. Next is the belief that activeeuthanasia should be tolerated in order to save agony and painfor both the family and patient. No one should have to gothrough so much agony over a long period of time. Many think that it1s torture not to help dying patients. Kavorkian accused opposing physicians of being Nazi doctors whotorture and experiment with the poor and unfortunate. However,what is the agony andpain? It is the agony and pain of deathand it has to be faced either way, but it shouldnt be because ofa suicide. We should face the pain and agony with strength anddetermination. The patients need to be determined to hang onand fight for cures. It1s not torture to keep someone alive inhopes of a cure. And if a patient is that ill, then they aren1treally going through that much physical pain, it1s the mental andemotional states of patients that need to be secured. That1s thereason many turn to suicide, they are unhappy with their livesso they begin to decline mentally and emotionally. And as far asexperimenting goes, no experimental drug or procedure is forcedupon any patient, including the elderly and incompetent. Andwhat do they have to lose anyway? Most dont mind usingexperimental drugs because it just may be the cure they1relooking for. There is nothing Nazi about testing drugs andcures in hopes of saving a life. There is no torture or directresult of death. So, in actuality there is no physical agony orpain saved in euthanasia because thats not what the patients aregoing through. It just shortens the mental and physical painthat can be helped in other ways than death. Either way, suicideis no answer to pain.

Euthanasia Essays (823 words) - Euthanasia, Medical Ethics

Euthanasia Euthanasia (also known as mercy killing) is the act or practice of painlessly putting to death persons suffering from painful or incurable disease or incapacitating physical disorder. The question about weather this is morally right or wrong has posed a major ethical dilemma on the world today. The advance of medical technology is bringing a steadily growing majority of deaths into hospitals where life, of a sort, may be prolonged for a long time. Someone has to decide what nature used to decide for us. That decision is no longer taken privately in a small family group but amidst a constantly changing crowd of doctors, nurses, patients and technicians. Because there is no specific provision for Euthanasia in most systems, it is considered suicide, if done by the patient, or murder, if done by the doctor. A physician may lawfully decide not to prolong the life of some one who is in extreme pain and suffering. They may administer drugs to relieve pain, even though the doctor knows this may shorted the life of the patient. In several European countries, there were there were special provisions in their criminal codes for lenient sentencing and consideration of extenuating circumstances in prosecutions for euthanasia. Dr. Jack Kevorkian, a doctor who openly supports euthanasia has been in and out of court and jail for being held responsible for the deaths of over 50 people that were in his care at the time of death. His ?suicide machine? has helped many end their lives. Although no one thinks that Kevorkian was thought of as a murderer by the patients, it raises many ethical questions about whether it should be decided by doctor or patient when it is time to die. The opinion that euthanasia is morally permissible dates back to Socrates, Plato and the Stoics. It is rejected in traditional Christian beliefs, mainly because it is thought to come within the prohibition of murder in the Sixth Commandment. The organized movement to for legislation commenced in England in 1935 when C. Killick Millard founded the Voluntary Euthanasia Legislation Society. The society's bill was defeated in the House Of Lords in 1950. In the United States, the Euthanasia Society was founded in 1938. The medical professionals, family members and the patients face the decision of when a terminally ill person should die. The Supreme Court has ruled that any person deemed competent may refuse medical treatment or nutrition. Ten thousand people in the US alone are in a permanent vegetative state and therefore can not express their own interests and opinions in the matter of their own life. In cases such as this, the decision is left to the family. When this happens, other factors are brought into the decision, such as how much stress the family is under, and most of all, the cost to keep a person on life support that could stay on for an extended amount of time. The cost for this is very high, often too much for the family. These and many other decisions can waiver the families decision and over ride the interest of the patient involved. (Hubert,89) The potential of modern medical practice to prolong life through technological means has provoked the question of what must be done by the physician and the family in cases of extreme physical or emotional suffering, especially if the patient is incapable of choice. Passively doing nothing to prolong life or withdrawing life support measures has resulted in criminal charges being brought against physicians; on the other hand, the families of comatose and apparently terminal patients have set up legal action against the medical establishment to make them stop using extraordinary life support. Euthanasia in the news I recently found an article from a newspaper posted on the Internet about a woman trying to remove a tube from her husbands' mouth. Virginia News Summary Friday, September 25, 1998 Judge To Hear Coma Case (MANASSAS) -- A state judge will hear arguments this afternoon on a woman's effort to remove a feeding tube keeping her comatose husband alive. Michelle Finn says her husband, Hugh... a former T-V anchorman in Kentucky... once told her he would never want to be kept alive in that condition. However, Hugh Finn's family has

Essay on Why Women Are Presented as ‘Victims’ Essay Example

Essay on Why Women Are Presented as ‘Victims’ Essay Example Essay on Why Women Are Presented as ‘Victims’ Essay Essay on Why Women Are Presented as ‘Victims’ Essay Women are normally presented as ‘victims’ in the horror genre, because of how women were treated as opposed to equal rights. Since women were looked upon as inferior to men, that is how they are portrayed in the media. To get attacked or murdered, women must commit a ‘sinful’ act like having sex, speaking rudely or smoking weed, to then be punished for their actions. For example, like debbz93 says in her article about women’s representation, a common role for women in the media is the dumb blonde. This woman will be sexually active, ignorant of her surroundings and will wear a lot of makeup. These types of women will be attacked or killed during the first 15 minutes of the movie. To survive in a horror movie, a woman needs to be as pure as possible if they want to earn the role of the â€Å"Final Girl†. The Final Girl is the quieter female, either an introvert or simply not interested in partying or committing sexual relations in their teenage years. This is the last girl alive to confront her killer, standing alone with nobody supporting her but herself. Purity is the most important factor for their survival, so no sex, drugs or promiscuous behavior. This trope has evolved over the years, for example, the final girl after protecting herself from the killer gets saved by a strong male, (Police officer or stranger) when they’re held at gunpoint or about to be murdered. But more modern films show the Final girl with abilities she herself can handle, killing the murderer and create a new heroin title. This representation has caused a lot of controversy throughout the history of the horror genre. Women are deliberately shown as provocative through clothing, expression, and dialogue because the filmmakers want them to. They understand that since more males watch the horror genre, they appeal and catch their attention by using codes and conventions, making the perfect seductive woman. A woman’s main role is to not only be objectified, otherwise, that would cause a major commotion to female audiences. Women can fight back, show muscular traits. Hence the Final Girl, showing how the â€Å"inferior† gender is now the hero, strong enough to take care of herself and attack the bad guy. The female representation is the most important character in horror films, because of the many conventions used to make the two tropes. John Carpenter’s â€Å"Halloween† introduces John Carpenter’s â€Å"Halloween† introduces Laurie Strode, a 17-year-old teenager living in the suburban streets of Haddonfield, Illinois. She is described as the â€Å"Final Girl† trope in the horror genre because she is the last to survive and fight off her killer. Instead of coming off as more feminine like her friends, she is taller and more masculine looking to play the part of a female lead. Laurie gets mocked by her friends for having a lack of sexual activity in her life, yet virginity is what saves her in the end. Michael Myers’ murders all share a common trait; sexual activity. From the beginning, we see young Michael Myers murdering his exposed sister shortly after she has sex while babysitting him. Laurie’s friends, Bob, Annie and Linda are all sexually active therefore get murdered on their way to have sex or immediately after. Dialogue is also very important to show a person s characteristics. In Annie’s case, we are introduced to her yelling at Michael, speeding past them in a car. â€Å"Hey, jerk! Speed kills!† Obviously causing a commotion, leaving the audience to think she’s not afraid of starting trouble. To when Laurie replies, â€Å"You know, Annie, someday youre going to get us all in deep trouble.† Even though she is friends with these teens, she has a completely opposite personality. Laurie wears a simple button up top, with denim jeans showing only the skin of her neck and arms. Unlike her friends which dress either promiscuous or nothing at all. Instead of committing sinful acts like drugs, sex etc while babysitting, she stays responsible and looks after the kids with caution. When she is attacked, she does not make stupid decisions like the â€Å"dumb blonde† in most horror movies, she carries a sharp object with her wherever she goes to protect herself from Michael. The killer’s gaze, where the vic tim is being observed, switched around in Halloween. Michael is now the spectacle and Laurie the spectator. The â€Å"Gaze† has now become female. Drew Goddard’s â€Å"Cabin in the Woods† shows us the main role for women, which is used sexually. ‘Jules’ is your stereotypical dumb blonde character who dresses and acts seductively, while being sexually active. She is unaware of her surroundings and only cares about parties and having sex, again another use of sexualizing women in media. This, however, attracts the male audiences through camera angles like the male gaze, her body language and exposing herself. An example of a male gaze scene is where her and her friends are playing a game of truth or dare, and she gets dared to kiss the stuffed wolf head mounted on the wall. As she makes her way over, the camera is at a lower angle and we are looking up at her, like we are in the position of the boys on the couch watching what they want to see. Her body language is extremely flirtatious, attracting the attention of the male’s gaze. ‘Dana’ is the final girl, having her first appearance being a lot more masculine than Jules’s. Since she has red hair, it automatically eliminates her from having the dumb blonde appearance and she also wears clothing that covers up more like a sweater and jeans. She is also the female that cares about her school grades and is more intelligent, which means she doesn’t care about anything Jules is. Dana, as shown when she was fighting with the zombies, is not afraid to fight back, as a brave woman would. She isn’t afraid to put herself at risk in order to protect herself, unlike Jules, where her character is shown as vulnerable and useless. The male gaze has only been shown once in this film with Dana when one of the friends ‘Holden’ removes a painting and Dana is revealed on the other side of the room getting undressed. Her body language is not at all flirtatious, because she is oblivious to the fact that she is seen. Once Holden tells her he can see her, she is clearly shaken, showing the audience t hat she is not that kind of girl into that behavior.

Contracts Covered by the Statute of Frauds Case Study

Contracts Covered by the Statute of Frauds - Case Study Example The first payment shall be paid on or before June 1, 2007 In consideration thereof, Promisee agree to give Promisor a lawn mower (John Deere Model #1334), valued at approximately $2,500.00). The respective rights and duties arising pursuant to this Agreement shall continue in effect until June 1, 2008, unless terminated prior thereto either pursuant to the Cancellation Clause of this Agreement or by full performance by the parties. If the event that Promisor fails to make a timely scheduled payment, Promisee shall be entitled to declare the entire Agreement breached, and shall be immediately entitled to payment of the debt in full. If Promisee fails to deliver the subject lawn mower to Promisor on or before July 1, 2007, Promisor shall be entitled to declare the entire Agreement in breach, and shall be entitled to repayment of any and all sums paid by Promisor to Lower Case as well as liquidated damages of $2,500.00.. In either case, the party declaring that the breach has occurred shall give written notice of such breach to the other party at the appropriate address shown below. This Agreement shall be interpreted by the laws of the State of California and any suit filed by any party hereto shall be filed and determined before the courts of California and in accordance with the laws thereof. Any dispute arising under this Agreement shall be subject to compulsory arbitration and shall be heard and determined by an arbitrator who is a current member of the American Arbitration Association (AAA). Any notices required to be made pursuant to this Agreement shall be made to the following: PROMISOR: PROMISEE: Joe Smith Mary Doe 123 Anyplace 4321 Anytime Streetwise, CA 95677 Happyface, AZ 85233 (213) 555-1212 (602) 555-2121 In the event of a dispute arising pursuant to this Agreement, the prevailing party in such an action shall be entitled to recover reasonable attorney's fees and court costs from the losing party. If any portion of this Agreement is determined to be invalid, the remaining portions of the Agreement which are valid shall continue to be enforceable and in full effect. ______________ __________ __________________ _________ Joe Smith Date Mary Doe Date AGREEMENT In consideration of mutual performance of the duties and promises outlined further herein, Joe Smith (hereinafter referred to as "Promisor" and Mary Doe (hereinafter referred to as "Promisee"), the parties agree to become bound as follows: Promisor agrees to marry Promisee on or before July 15, 2007. In consideration thereof, Promisee agree to marry Promisor by said date. Promisor also agrees to immediately give Promisee an 18 carat gold engagement band and at the time of marriage, give Promisee one diamond and 18 carat gold ring. If Promisor fails to give Promisee the aforementioned, promised wedding ring on or before July 15, 2007, Promisee shall be entitled to declare the entire Agreement breached, and shall be entitled to retain the engagement band and shall be entitled to recover liquidated damages in the amount of $2,500.00 from Promisor and would not be required to marry Promisor. If Promisee fails to marry Promisor on or before July 15, 2007, Promisor shall be entitled to declare the entire Agreement in breach, and shall be ent

Global banking issues Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Global banking issues - Assignment Example Therefore, the reserve requirement is affected by the nature of both fed fund rate and feds discount rate. Also, the quantity demanded of reserve is determined by its price (interest rate) in the fed fund market. The quantity demanded increases with a decrease in interest rate and vice versa. In this regard, central banks can, therefore, affect the demand for reserves of commercial banks just by changing reserve requirement. Unlike other monetary tools, the impact of changes of reserve requirement is spread evenly across all banks to bring about neutrality. Changes in the reserve requirement tend to induce all banks to adjust their balance sheets rapidly. However, the reserve requirement is nowadays limited due to current sweep accounts and other loopholes of reserve requirement. Today central banks rarely use reserve requirement as the monetary policy tool because most banks operate around it (Thomas 418). The open market operate under the monetary base; that is, MB = C + R. Open market operations are preferable by most central banks because they can help to expand or contract monetary base to a precise level. With the use of open market operations, the central bank can reverse mistakes quickly because they are under its control. Open markets operations help to support the discount policy rate especially when there are excessive reserves. In the United States, Fed moves the equilibrium rate by use of open market operations toward the target established by the federal committee of open market operations. In addition, Fed can add reserves to the system by buying assets such as Treasury bond and can remove them from the system by selling these assets. Therefore, the central bank sells assets to increase the money base as well as the money supply in the system and vice versa. The central bank conducts open market operations to get the interbank lending rate near its target. Unlike other m onetary tools, OMO lack announcement effect because they are

Marketing Financial Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing Financial Services - Essay Example This paper will deal with in detail the issues and challenges faced by Barclays Bank as well as a clear and well drawn out SWOT analysis of the company. The paper will first provide an overview of the company and will also discuss in detail the reasons for choice of the bank. Overview of Company Barclays Banks has been one of the trusted and well known banks across almost 50 countries. The bank has been able to cater to the markets and provide the customers with excellent banking facilities for over three hundred years. Spread across fifty countries, the company employees around 145,000 employees and services almost 48 million customers worldwide. The company deals with several different activities and services like â€Å"retail banking, credit cards, corporate banking, investment banking, wealth management and investment management services with an extensive international presence in Europe, the Americas, Africa and Asia† (Barclays Bank, 2011). The bank is made of two main cl usters, i.e. Global Retail Banking and Corporate and Investment Banking and Wealth Management. Each of these clusters has a number of individual business units as well. Another major part of the company is the Group Center. The company is head by Group Chairman Marcus Agius and the Chief Executive is Robert E. Diamond, Jr. The company is headquartered in Churchill Place in London. It however caters to the markets across the world both for its products and services (Barclays Business, 2011). Reasons for Choice Barclay’s Bank has been recognised for its international nature and the bank has built its image across Asia, America, Europe and Africa. The company’s brand name and image that it has created allows it to become a name for every home. Also, Barclay has been extremely successful in marketing itself over the years (Barclays Sustainability, 2011). The bank has developed a strong brand image across the globe. Also, Barclay’s overall strategies and corporate fo cus is also an excellent example to study and analyse the SWOT. Hence this company proves to be an excellent example to study here. Barclay’s Strategy and Principles As in the case of every bank, the main aim of the company is to provide credit to businesses and households, to help improve their growth and jobs. Barclay has also constantly focused on improving its business by diversifying into different areas (Barclays Bank, 2011). A major attempt of the company is to increase its presence in the markets and segments, and this has clearly been achieved by means of innovative products and services for customers across the world (Barclay Card, 2011). All strategies of the company are based on three main aspects i.e. â€Å"Earn, Invest and Grow† (Barclays Bank, 2011). The group’s ambition and the overall commitment have grown the company to become a part of the universal banks. Barclays also has set down four main strategic priorities which include, a) To be able t o build the best bank in UK, accelerated and increased global growth, development of both retail as well as commercial activities across selected countries outside of the United Kingdom and last but not the least operational excellence (Barclays

The Applications Of Arrow Debreu Model Economics Essay

The Applications Of Arrow Debreu Model Economics Essay According to Elroy Dimson and Massoud Mussavian (1999), Arrow-Debreu model was developed as a model of general equilibrium that has been fundamental to economics and finance. Compared to earlier models, the Arrow-Debreu model basically generalized the notion of a commodity, differentiating commodities by time and place of delivery. For example, apples in Malaysia in July and apples in Singapore in June are considered as different commodities. Kenneth J. Arrow (1951) and Gerard Debreu (1951) work together to produce the first rigorous proof of the existence of a market clearing equilibrium, given certain restrictive assumptions. This field of research has had a profound impact not only on economic science, but also on financial markets, institutions and businesses all over the world. It often used as a general reference for other microeconomic models. As Ramu Gopalan (2008) stated, the pioneering work of Arrow and Debreu has had an enduring effect on the study of financial aspects of the economy in a general equilibrium framework. One of their key contributions is to introduce time and uncertainty into general equilibrium models. The Arrow-Debreu model was established since 1950s, many researchers had extended this model to both economics and financial economics. Although this model is criticized by various eminent economists, the dedication of this model in the history is indestructible. In this assignment, we are going to discuss the applications of Arrow-Debreu model majoring in the financial economics. The purpose of this assignment is to find out and understand more about the contributions of this model to financial theory. The applications of Arrow-Debreu model will be listed out and discussed further. Journals will be shown and summarized out in order to support our discussion. Finally, the last section in this assignment is the conclusion. 2.0 Background studies In this assignment, the applications of Arrow-Debreu model in financial economics will be discussed. But before that we have to know what the Arrow-Debreu model is. 2.1 Arrow-Debreu Model Arrow-Debreu model, also referred as Arrow-Debreu-McKenzie model (ADM model), is the fundamental model used in the General (Economic) Equilibrium Theory. It is named after its originator who are Kenneth J. Arrow (b. 1921) and Gerard Debreu (1921-2004) on Existence of an Equilibrium for a Competitive Economy as well as Lionel W. McKenzie (b. 1919). As what stated in the Farlex Financial Dictionary (2009), it says that this model is one of the most general models of competitive economy and is a crucial part of general equilibrium theory, as it can be used to prove the existence of general equilibrium (or Walrasian equilibrium) of an economy. Once we can prove the existence of such an equilibrium, it is possible to show that it is unique under certain conditions, but not in general. Furthermore, Arrow went on to extend the model to deal with the issues relating to uncertainty, stability of the equilibrium, and whether a competitive equilibrium is efficient. 2.2 Applications of Arrow-Debreu Model Arrow-Debreu model leads to a huge impact on economics and financial economics. First of all, it solves the long-standing problem of proving the existence of equilibrium in a Walrasian (competitive) system. This model analyzes the exact situations of those markets that are very competitive. In economics, Arrow-Debreu model suggests that a set of prices such as aggregate supplies will equal to aggregate demands for every commodity under certain assumptions made about the economic conditions (i.e. perfect competition and demand independence). Formulated in a purely mathematical form, the Arrow-Debreu model can be easily modified into spatial or intertemporal models with proper definition of the commodities based on the commoditys location or time of delivery. When commodities are specified to be conditional on various states of the world, the Arrow-Debreu model can easily combine expectation and uncertainty into the analysis. Besides, theoretical extensions and applications have been made to analyze financial and monetary markets and international trade, as well as other subjects. With a general equilibrium structure, the model is applicable in evaluating the overall impact on resource allocation of policy changes in areas such as taxation, tariff, and price control. Moreover, it applies to all general equilibrium models that are heavily dependent upon accurate mathematical proofs. In the field of financial economics, Arrow Debreu represents a certain kind of securities product which named as Arrow-Debreu security. This distinguished concept is a good teaching tool to understand the pricing and hedging issues in derivatives analysis. On the other hand, the Arrow-Debreu Model is also used in areas like financial engineering. But it has turned out to be very limited, especially in the multi-period or continuous markets. The model has been subject to the criticism that many of the assumptions it makes do not fit the workings of the real economy. However, the truth is that the Arrow-Debreu Model is very important for the derivative industry and helps the industry to grow at a rapid pace. 3.0 Literature Review In previous section, we have mentioned some applications of the Arrow-Debreu model both in the field of economics and financial economics. Now, the applications of this model majoring in financial economics will be discussed further. The functions of Arrow-Debreu model can be divided into six categories, asset pricing model, equity risk premium, corporate finance, Modigliani and Miller Theorem, Arrow-Debreu security and others. 3.1 Asset-pricing model From the studies, most of the Arrow-Debreu models applications are commonly used in shaping the asset-pricing model. Arrow-Debreu model was acted as an origin which gives the insight that consumption in different future states could simply view as different consumption goods according to Elroy and Massoud (1999). This result is proved and can be seen through various researchers journals. It is undeniable that the Arrow-Debreu model plays an important role in constructing the asset-pricing model. The evidences are given in following paragraphs. Based on the journal of Asset Pricing at Millennium written by John Y. Campbell (2000), he stated that theoretical and empirical developments in asset-pricing has taken place within a well establish paradigm for the last twenty years. While the well establish paradigm that he mentioned here is referred to the Arrow-Debreu model. Same as Franklin Allen (2001), he indicated that asset-pricing models are typically special cases of neoclassical Arrow-Debreu model. In the traditional Arrow-Debreu model of resource allocation, firms and households interact through markets and financial intermediaries play no role. On the other hand, the key element of the analysis in the modern version is the stochastic discount factor, which incorporates the Arrow-Debreu state prices and allows the assets to be priced. He also commented that this approach and the focus on the risk-return trade-off have allowed a rich interplay between the empirical and theoretical work. The equity premium puzzle is given as an example of special cases within the Arrow-Debreu framework in order to support his statement. Moreover, Elroy and Massoud (1999) narrated the historical development of asset pricing and derivative valuation on Three Centuries of Asst Pricing. He pointed out the success of conceptual framework that setting up the theory of asset pricing is down to Arrow (1953)s hard work. Dissatisfied with the current Arrow-Debreu framework, Arrow built up a series of contingent claims that follow the resolution of uncertainty to explain how one can achieve markets that are almost complete. Varian (1985) analyzed the impact of divergence of opinion on asset prices in an Arrow-Debreu economy. By considering the Arrow-Debreu model with agents who have different subjective probabilities, he compares and concludes the differences of opinion in an Arrow-Debreu contingent claim context. Based on his journal Divergence of Opinion in Complete Markets: A Note, three results were established. He concluded that in practice, increased dispersion of beliefs will generally be associated with the reduced asset prices in a given Arrow-Debreu equilibrium. Also, he uses this model to show that other things equal, if risk aversion does not decrease too rapidly, then assets with more dispersed opinion will have lower prices or vice versa. P. Bossaerts and C. Plott (2004) had done six financial markets experiments of testing two of the most basic propositions of modern asset pricing theory. The Arrow-Debreu model and the Sharpe-Lintner-Mossin Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), these two theoretical models are used to be the framework of their experiments. In the end of their experiments, they discovered a swift convergence towards equilibrium prices of Arrow-Debreu model or the CAPM. This discovery is significant because they use the subjects that lacked of information to intentionally set the asset prices. Sometimes, the equilibrium is not found to be robust which clearly shows a result of deviations of subjective beliefs from objective probabilities. However, they still find the evidences that prove this does not destroy the tendency for markets to equilibrate as predicted by the theory. 3.2 Equity Risk Premium Next, the Arrow-Debreu model is applied to explain the equity risk premium. In an attempt to explain the equity risk premium, Rajnish Mehra and Edward C. Prescott (1985) developed an Arrow-Debreu asset pricing model. They found that historically the average return on equity has far exceeded the average return on short-term debt and Treasury bills. Thus, they try to use the Arrow-Debreu model to interpret this situation. In the end of the journal The Equity Premium: A Puzzle, they concluded that only those equilibrium model with friction (i.e. non-Arrow-Debreu models) will be the one that successfully explain both high equity risk premium and low risk-free returns. However, Rietz (1988) overthrew the conclusion of Mehra and Prescott (1985) in The Equity Risk Premium: A Puzzle. He mentioned that the reason for them to reject the Arrow-Debreu model is their specifications which cannot explain the high equity risk premium and low risk free returns that characterize the U.S. economy. Hence, he re-specified their model to include a low-probability, depression from a high return of compensation for the extreme losses during the market crashes, captured those possible effects from the market crashes and finally successfully proved that these crashes allow it to explain both high equity risk premium and low risk free returns without abounding the Arrow-Debreu paradigm as well as not altering their models attractive features. In the journal The Equity Risk Premium: A Solution, he explained further that it does so with reasonable degrees of time preference and risk aversion provided the crashes are apparently severe and not too unimaginable. 3.3 Corporate Finance According to Jean Tirole (2006), he specified that a substantial and important body of empirical work has provided a clearer picture of patterns of corporate financing and governance, and of their impact for firm behaviour and macroeconomic activity. One of them is the Arrow-Debreu model. During 1970s, the dominant Arrow-Debreu model of frictionless markets (presumed perfectly competitive and complete, unhampered by taxes, transaction costs, as well as informational irregularity) can prove to be a powerful tool for analyzing the pricing of claims in financial markets, but little about the firms financial choices and about their governance. Besides, in the complete market paradigm of Arrow (1951) and Debreu (1951), the financial claims returns depend on some choices such as investments, are assumed to be contractible and therefore are not affected by moral hazard. In Jean (2006)s opinion, financial markets were not plagued by problems of asymmetric information because investors agree on the distribution of a claims returns. Viewed through the Arrow-Debreu lens, he identified that the key issues for financial economists are the allocation of risk among investors and the pricing of redundant claims by arbitrage. Michael J. Brennan (1995) also clarified that the abstract simplicity of the Arrow-Debreu model yields few insights for corporate finance beyond the value additivity principle that was used to refute the conventional wisdom that conglomerate mergers will add value to the company through the corporate diversification. 3.4 Modigliani and Miller Theorem (M-M Theorem) Another application of Arrow-Debreu model is related to M-M theorem which devised by Franco Modigliani and Merton Miller (1958). This theorem explains that a firms financial structure is irrelevant under certain conditions, Arrow-Debreu environment. The value of a financial claim or a firm which equal to the sum of the values of the claims it issues is thus equal to the value of the random return of this claim or the firm computed at the Arrow-Debreu prices (the prices of state-contingent securities). Therefore, Arrow-Debreu model is used as a fundamental of economy in formulating M-M theorem. 3.5 Arrow-Debreu Security (State Contingent Claim) Mostly, Arrow-Debreu security will be the answer of the applications of this model majoring in financial economics if we searching it through the internet. Based on the journal A re-examination of the Modigliani-Miller theorem written by Joseph E. Stiglitz (1969), in a section entitled Arrow-Debreu securities, he not only showed the M-M theorem in a complete markets setting but also mentioned about the Arrow-Debreu model under uncertainty in which individual can buy or sell the promises to pay if a given state of the world occurs. This shows a direct relationship between the Arrow-Debreu model and the Arrow-Debreu security. Through the calculation, he observed that if he takes literally the Arrow-Debreu definition of a state of nature, there is undoubtedly will be more states of nature than firms and most of these states are similar with each other. An example, variation in the return on stocks can be explained by the business cycle, is given to support his statement. Robert E. Lucas (1984) analyzed the unified theories of money and finance on Money in the Theory of Finance. He examined and commented that financial and monetary theory have different objective, however, the desirable theoretical unity may be, one can identify strong forces that will continue to pull apart these two bodies of theory. He mentioned that the theory of finance is conducted almost entirely within the Arrow-Debreu contingent claim framework such as the three pillars of modern financial theory which have been reformulated in contingent claim terms. Besides, he wrote that the applications of the Arrow-Debreu contingent claim formulation of a competitive equilibrium for an economy operating through time is subjected to stochastic shocks. In the end, he concluded that the power in applications of the contingent claim point of view is obviously evident in finance, will be as usefully applied to monetary theory. One more thing that he suggested is the source of this power which is the ability of this framework to permit the reduction of the study of asset demands to the study of demands for the more fundamental attributes to which assets are claims. 3.6 Others Apart from those above categories, Arrow-Debreu Models can be used for other purpose. For instance, it acts as a fundamental to explain the pattern of trade, to formulate the fixed price equilibrium or to find out whether the financial markets are arrangements for risk-sharing. Furthermore, it is extended further to analyze the restrictions and developed further that include a sequential market model with the financial markets. One of the section in the journal Differences of opinion in financial markets written by Hal R. Varian (1989), an Arrow-Debreu contingent consumption model of the sort studied by Milgrom and Stokey (1982) was examined. Through the mathematical calculation and the analysis of the consequences for assets market equilibrium based on the Arrow-Debreu model, it ends with a similar result, prices are determined by information, but the pattern of trade is determined by differences in opinion. In order to establish the important difference for trade is the opinion, he analyzed some of its consequences for assets market equilibrium. At last, he stressed that the volume of trade in an Arrow-Debreu model is due primarily to the differences of opinion. Next is the Claus Weddepohl (1983). He discussed and addressed the development of the theory of general equilibrium during the last twenty-five years. Considering and analyzing the Arrow-Debreu model with futures markets, he showed the result that this model gives rise to temporary equilibrium models. He stated that the fixed price equilibrium models are formulated through the study of these models and the study of the stability of price adjustments. The simple fixed price equilibrium model as defined by Barro and Grossman (1971) and Malinvaud (1977) is what he emphasized in the journal Developments in the Theory of General Equilibrium. Ouattara (1994) applied the Arrow-Debreu model to the small villages in the McCarthy Island Division South (MID-South) of The Gambia to find out whether financial markets are arrangements for risk-sharing. The main objective of risk-sharing is to verify that observed consumption patterns are consistent with patterns predicted by insurance models. The Arrow-Debreu full insurance model focuses on consumption smoothing across different states of nature at each particular point in time through state-contingent contracts. In the end of his research, the results supported the hypothesis that state-contingent loans are accepted in rural Gambia and there is full risk-sharing among participants in the financial markets. Peter H. Friesen (1979) extended the Arrow-Debreu model to financial markets which include the sequential market model. It is done by dropping the contingent contracts from the Arrow Debreu model, leaving only a sequence of spot markets for commodities. This leads to an inefficient market structure but efficient for sequence of stock markets and option markets. The purpose of the journal The Arrow-Debreu Model Extended to Financial Markets is to develop further the Arrow-Debreu model. The method that he used is through the extension of Arrow (an equilibrium in one model was constructed from that of another). For example, financial securities, Arrow certificates can be constructed from options on common stock and the advantage in the general equilibrium theory of financial markets, are the proofs of using Arrows method. On the other hand, the sequential market model for which equilibrium are constructed from the Arrow-Debreu equilibrium derived in Debreu (1951). From the fact that Arrow-Debreu equilibrium exist, it follows by construction that equilibrium for this model exists. It also follows that the equilibrium is efficient. Peter (1979) stressed that such models are used both to study financial markets and to explore the effects of a gradual resolution of uncertainty. Lastly, he concluded that it not only shows the close relationship between these two models but also reminds us that the potential value of finite-horizon Arrow-Debreu models for the study of sequential economies. Investors in financial markets face several restrictions apart from wealth constraints. So, we have the right to understand the restrictions in a general competitive equilibrium. Based on the journal Contributions to Intertemporal Models in Financial Economics written by Ramu Gopala (2008), the Arrow-Debreu model was extended further for the usage of analyzing those restrictions. He indicated that the traditional Arrow-Debreu model can be extended to a more realistic setting. Following Angeloni and Cornet (2006), this extension of the Arrow-Debreu model in the multi-period setting with restricted participation is established. Arrow-Debreu model was used to elaborate, to compare, to extend and to emerge for shaping those important finance theories. 4.0 Supporting Theories In this section, the theories that are related to Arrow-Debreu model will be further discussed. Apart from that, in order to let us have a more complete picture about this model, the theories that we displayed previously will also be stated and explained, as well as deliberated further. 4.1 General Equilibrium Theory General equilibrium theory is the core of economic theory. Before the Arrow-Debreu model is established, this theory has been proposed by L. Walras (1874). As reported by Arrow and Debreu (1954), he was the one who first formulated the state of economic system at any point of time as the solution of a system of simultaneous equations representing the demand for goods by consumers, the supply of goods by producers, and the equilibrium condition that supply equal demand on every market. In other words, Walras (1874) is the pioneer who first attempts to model the price for a whole economy. Walras uses mathematics to construct a complete structure of general equilibrium theory. This research has lead to results in contribution to neoclassical economics. However, the mathematics that he used to set up the foundation of this theory was unstable due to the existence of general equilibrium does not solved in a satisfactory manner. Hence, theoretically, if he cannot prove this existence, then this theoretical system will become meaningless. General equilibrium theory is therefore developed and improved by Vilfredo Pareto (1897), John R. Hicks (1939), John Von Neumann (1937), Paul A. Samuelson (1941), Kenneth J. Arrow (1954), Gerard Debreu (1954), Lionel W. McKenzie (1954) and others, which becomes an integral part of economics. 4.2 Fundamental Theorems of Welfare Economics Before the Arrow and Debreu began their famous collaboration, both of them had proved the same theorem which is the Fundamental Theorems of Welfare Economics or First and Second Welfare Theorems. There are two fundamental theorems of welfare economics. The first theorem states that every general equilibrium involves a Pareto efficient allocation of resources under the three assumptions. The three assumptions are if there are no externalities, all agents are price-taker, and prices for each good are known to each agent. While the Pareto efficient named after Vilfredo Pareto (1897), is a type of efficiency that results if one person cannot be made better off without making someone else worse off. The First Welfare Theorem is viewed by many economists as the formalization of Smiths Invisible Hand. As Makowski and Ostroy (1995) stated, it provided a set of sufficient conditions for a price system to efficiently coordinate the economic activity. Besides, this theorem supports the case for non-intervention in ideal conditions. For instance, the outcome is said to be Pareto efficient if we let the markets to do the work. The Second Welfare Theorem says that if preferences are well-behaved (especially convex) then every Pareto efficient allocation can be supported by a general equilibrium set of prices, given a suitable reallocation of the endowment. Referring to Varian (1985), this theorem effectively said that if you think an equilibrium is unfair, just move the endowment of the economy and a different general equilibrium will be obtained. Due to the convexity, the second theorem is stronger than the first theorem. The difference between these two theorems is the second theorem requires existence of general equilibrium from all endowment points, whereas the first theorem required only that if a general equilibrium existed it was efficient. According to Michael A. S. Guth (1994), Arrow (1951) provided a rigorous proof of the connection between competitive equilibrium and Pareto optimal. Gerard Debreu (1951) introduced convex analysis methods into welfare theory and independently proved the same theorems. As a result, these theorems have an important relation to Arrow-Debreu model; the existence of solutions to a competitive equilibrium is finally solved. 4. 3 Theories in relation to the Restriction of General Competitive Equilibrium Previously, the Arrow-Debreu model was used to analyze the restrictions. In order to understand those restrictions in the general competitive equilibrium framework, tracing back those following theories is necessary for us to know how the Arrow-Debreu model was used to be compared and proved other economic theory. 4.3.1 Radner Equilibrium Roy Radner said that the Arrow-Debreu model is not originally put forward for the case of uncertainty, but a powerful device introduced by Arrow (1953), and further elaborated by Debreu (1953), enabled the theory to be reinterpreted to cover the case of uncertainty about the availability of resources and about consumption and production possibilities. Hence, he extends the Arrow-Debreu equilibrium and forms an economic concept-Radner Equilibrium. Radner (1972) is the first who considers the general equilibrium with incomplete markets. He shows that unlike the Arrow-Debreu models, the possibility of trading commodity futures for every contingency is sufficient to enable income transfers across all spots. In addition, the assumption that he made, short-sales of these contracts are limited for every agent, is a driving force in his proof of the existence of a general financial equilibrium. This can be seen as the first attempt to incorporate this idea in their asset market participation. 4.3.2 Concept of Constrained Pareto Optimality Radner Equilibrium, however, is imperfect. Oliver D. Hart (1975) uses some disturbing but perceptive counter-examples to display some of the weaknesses of Radners concept of equilibrium. He showed that existence of such an equilibrium cannot be proved under the standard Arrow-Debreu assumptions. He specified that when the asset returns are price dependent, the market sub-space may not be continuous in the spot prices which may lead to discontinuous demand functions. This reason causes a failure of the existence of Radner equilibrium. In other words, an equilibrium may not be Pareto efficient in the case of incomplete markets which shapes the concept of Constrained Pareto Optimality. 4.4 Limitations of Arrow-Debreu Model Although the Arrow-Debreu model has many influences on either economics or finance, however, there are the limitations. There are three limitations of Arrow-Debreu model. In this model, it excludes the trade in shares of firms because the stock certificate is not an Arrow-Debreu commodity. When the descriptions are so precise that further refinements cannot yield imaginable allocations which increase the satisfaction of the agents in the economy, then the commodities are called Arrow-Debreu commodity. Trading in shares of firms cannot be classified as Arrow-Debreu commodity due to its possession entitles the owner to additional commodity which he need not obtain through exchange. Bankruptcy is not allowed in Arrow-Debreu equilibrium. All agents must meet their budget constraints. In a game theoretic formulation of equilibrium, it is achieved by enforcing an infinite bankruptcy penalty. Since every Arrow-Debreu equilibrium is Pareto efficient, there would be no benefit in reducing the bankruptcy penalty to the point where someone might choose to go bankrupt. Money does not appear in this model. Although the reasons for the existence of money in real life are already taken care of in the Arrow-Debreu model, money does not affect the allocations of commodities. Therefore, there is no point in making the role of money explicit in the Arrow-Debreu model. 5.0 Conclusion In fact, Arrow-Debreu model is not simultaneously created by K.J. Arrow and Gerard Debreu. Debreu is the one who extends further the Arrows pure exchange model in several important ways. Their contribution in formulating Arrow-Debreu model has laid a foundation for economic theory. The application of Arrow-Debreu model emphasizes more on the general competitive equilibrium framework of the economics. From the studies, we notice that most of its application majoring in the financial economics is act as a fundamental theory or economy in shaping the asset pricing model. Other functions like analyzing the market structure, risk and etc, also show that the usefulness of this model. Besides, it is applicable in evaluating the impact of all uncertainties with a general equilibrium structure. The analyzers use a series of mathematical equation to prove their statements. The pioneering contributions of Arrow and Debreu have forever changed the way economic theorists formulate uncertainty models.   After more than forty years of analysis and extensions, their general equilibrium framework and approach continues to be the starting point for new theories on the operation of competitive markets under uncertainty. As a conclusion, it is undeniable that the Arrow-Debreu model had turn on a new leaf in the history of economics. It is the modern concept of general equilibrium in economics which indirectly set up several important theories. Nothing is perfect in this world. Of course, Arrow-Debreu model as well. Some assumptions have to be made. Criticism also may happen. However, those brilliant economists or researchers still can use this model to formulate their own theory and then ends up with a perfect ultimate theory in both economics and finance. Lastly, mistakes, problems, and weaknesses should be pointed out, corrected and improved so that Arrow-Debreu model can be applied and developed effectively.

Why Do Convenient Stores Have Locks On Their Doors If They Are Always :: essays research papers

Why Do Convenient Stores Have Locks On Their Doors If They Are Always Open? At 1:30 in the morning you are driving down Walton Road when you pass the 7-11. You decide to stop in and treat yourself to a nice big slurpee. As you pull in the parking lot you notice that the sign says, "We're open 24 hr's, 7 days a week, 365 days a year." However, when you reach the door you notice that they have locks on the doors and you think to yourself, why do convenient stores have locks on their doors if they're going to be open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, and 365 days a year? If they're never going to close then they have no need for locks on the doors. This will only cause an inconvenience for employees and customers. The idea of adding locks onto the doors is only going to cost the store more money. Also, it would give the managers one extra key on their already big key chain that they really have no use for. Since they are open every second of the year, they never need to lock the doors between shifts. When one person's shift is over then the next person will come in and take over. It's not like most stores where at night when the store closes they lock the doors and go home. Then, in the morning whoever is going to be opening comes in and unlocks the store and gets it ready for the first customers of the day. This situation would never happen at a store that is open all the time because there always has to be someone working. On a rare occasion, the store might need to the lock the doors if someone outside is causing trouble. However, if they locked the doors and wouldn't let any customers in they would be lying saying that they're open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, and 365 days a year. Doing this would cause the store to lose money because no one could then get into the store. By adding locks onto the doors would also make people think that sometimes they do close, like on holidays. On almost all national holidays like Thanksgiving and Christmas, stores will be closed to allow their valued employees time off to spend with family. If this was the case then some people might avoid shopping there on holidays in fear that when they get there they will be closed. Then they would have to drive all the way to another store